160 demonstrated significant reduction in risk of osteoporosis, whereas HU values < 110 were significantly correlated with osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS Osteoporosis is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor for complications after spinal fusion surgery. Consequently, preoperative assessment of BMD is a critical factor to consider in planning surgical treatment. Although DEXA has been the gold standard for BMD measurement, other imaging modalities, including MRI, oCT, and qCT, appear to be viable alternatives and may offer cost and time savings." name="description">
Alternatives to DEXA for the assessment of bone density: a systematic review of the literature and future recommendations in: Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine Volume 38 Issue 4 (2023) Journals - 开云体育平台上Jump to ContentJump to Main Navigation
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Osteoporosis has significant implications in spine fusion surgery, for which reduced spinal bone mineral density (BMD) can result in complications and poorer outcomes. Currently, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the gold standard for radiographic diagnosis of osteoporosis, although DEXA accuracy may be limited by the presence of degenerative spinal pathology. In recent years, there has been an evolving interest in using alternative imaging, including CT and MRI, to assess BMD. In this systematic review of the literature, the authors assessed the use and effectiveness of MRI, opportunistic CT (oCT), and quantitative CT (qCT) to measure BMD.
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In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, the authors conducted a systematic search for articles posted on PubMed between the years 2000 and 2022 by using the keywords "opportunistic CT, quantitative CT, MRI" AND "bone density" AND "spine." Inclusion criteria consisted of articles written in English that reported studies pertaining to human or cadaveric subjects, and studies including a measure of spinal BMD. Articles not related to spinal BMD, osteoporosis, or spinal surgery or reports of studies that did not include the use of spinal MRI or CT were excluded. Key study outcomes were extracted from included articles, and qualitative analysis was subsequently performed.
结果
The literature search yielded 302 articles. Forty-two articles reported studies that met the final inclusion criteria. Eighteen studies utilized MRI protocols to correlate spinal BMD with vertebral bone quality scores, M-scores, and quantitative perfusion markers. Eight studies correlated oCT with spinal BMD, and 16 studies correlated qCT with spinal BMD. With oCT and qCT imaging, there was consensus that Hounsfield unit (HU) values > 160 demonstrated significant reduction in risk of osteoporosis, whereas HU values < 110 were significantly correlated with osteoporosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Osteoporosis is increasingly recognized as a significant risk factor for complications after spinal fusion surgery. Consequently, preoperative assessment of BMD is a critical factor to consider in planning surgical treatment. Although DEXA has been the gold standard for BMD measurement, other imaging modalities, including MRI, oCT, and qCT, appear to be viable alternatives and may offer cost and time savings.
ABBREVIATIONS
AUC = area under the curve;BMD = bone mineral density;DEXA = dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry;EES = extravascular extracellular space;HU = Hounsfield unit;Kep = exchange rate of contrast agent between plasma and the EES gap;Ktrans = volume of capillary permeability–surface area per minute;oCT = opportunistic CT;qCT = quantitative CT;SNR = signal-to-noise ratio;VBQ = vertebral bone quality;Ve = volume of EES per unit of volume of tissue.
CorrespondencePaul Park: Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN.ppark@semmes-murphey.com.
INCLUDE WHEN CITINGPublished online January 6, 2023; DOI: 10.3171/2022.11.SPINE22875.
DisclosuresDr. Passias reported receiving personal fees outside the submitted work from Medtronic, Globus, Cerapedics, and Royal Biologics and being a consultant for Medtronic. Dr. LaBagnara reported being a consultant for Medtronic. Dr. Park reported receiving personal fees from Globus, NuVasive, Accelus, LifeNet, and DePuy Synthes and grants from DePuy Sunthes, royalties from Globus, travel and lodging for a meeting from Medtronic, and grants from Cerapedics, ISSG, and SI Bone outside the submitted work.
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