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undergosurgery. 7 , 9 , 14Surgerycarries risk and, with increasing age and presence of comorbidities, risks of rehospitalization and reoperation increase as well, adding to overall cost of the treatment episode. 10 Surgical costs vary significantly based on procedure types and patient characteristics. It has been shown that patient factors (i.e., age, body mass index [BMI], and presence of comorbidities) have significant effects on overall costs inspinesurgery. 10 , 15 , 16 The presence of multiple comorbidities (i.e., obesity and diabetes mellitus) may have an

significant risk factor for poor surgical outcomes afterspinesurgery, such as increased pain and postoperative disability. 15 , 17 In particular, postoperative delirium has also been associated with increases in complication rates, hospital length of stay, in-hospital mortality, and overall health care costs. 3 , 14 Due to the quality of care and economic implications of postoperative delirium, previous studies have attempted to determine independent associations and risk factors for postoperative delirium. In a retrospective study of 549 patients who underwent spinal

thereby confidently inform the practice of evidence-based medicine. 14 Whereas the vast majority of research about prognostic factors focuses on model development, external validation studies hold unique potential to bridge critical knowledge gaps. 15 Therefore, our primary objective in this study was to determine which preoperative clinical factors are significantly associated with improvement on the mJOA scale by at least the MCID among patients in the CanadianSpineOutcomes and Research Network (CSORN) 12 months aftersurgeryfor CSM. We specifically aimed to

I n academic manuscripts, authors use references in publications as sources to validate and emphasize research points. Therefore, references lists serve writers, researchers, and readers as a vital source for confirmation of the accuracy of authors’ statements. The number of articles in the field ofspinesurgeryhas increased rapidly in the past years. 1 , 2 Due to the rapidity of publication, the accuracy of the information published is necessary to understand and to validate research findings. Unfortunately, reference errors in medical literature are common

M edical malpractice litigation increasingly affects the delivery and cost of health care. In 2014, malpractice payments totaled $3.9 billion in the United States. 18 , 20 The risk of malpractice encourages the defensive medicine practices of increased diagnostic testing, unnecessary referrals, and patient avoidance. 4 , 5 Neurosurgeons have the highest annual rate of malpractice claims of any medical specialty, with 19.1% of neurosurgeons facing a claim annually. 11 , 14Spinesurgeryrepresents the majority of malpractice claims for neurosurgeons 9 and

distinct questions regarding treatment efficacy. In SPORT, the investigators compared surgical versus conservative management for common spinal disorders, and the randomized, controlled trials published in 2009 examined the benefits of vertebroplasty versus a sham procedure in the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. These were notable trials because 1) Class I evidence had been lacking in the field ofspinesurgeryand 2) the authors applied a prospective study design to answer important and common clinical questions. However, none of these studies was an example of CER

T he history of endoscopicspinesurgery涉及到3个阶段:灵感,发明,innovation. The inspired early practitioners sought a means of accessing lumbar disc herniations that would be less invasive than traditional open techniques. The early endoscopic surgeons targeted disc pathology through a corridor that would become known eponymously for its originator, Dr. Parvis Kambin. Invention would then be required to make endoscopic discectomy a feasible and then a successful procedure: better working-channel rigid endoscopes, high