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  • Author or Editor: Ajay Guptax
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Editorial: Invasive monitoring

Jeffrey G. Ojemann

In开云手机版app下载安装最新版神经外科杂志》:开云体育app官方网站下载入口Pediatrics Volume 8 (2011): Issue 3 (Sep 2011)

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High-resolution QSM for functional and structural depiction of subthalamic nuclei in DBS presurgical mapping

Alexey V. Dimov, Ajay Gupta, Brian H. Kopell, and Yi Wang

OBJECTIVE

Faithful depiction of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is critical for planning deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) has been shown to be superior to traditional T2-weighted spin echo imaging (T2w). The aim of the study was to describe submillimeter QSM for preoperative imaging of the STN in planning of DBS.

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Seven healthy volunteers were included in this study. T2w and QSM were obtained for all healthy volunteers, and images of different resolutions were reconstructed. Image quality and visibility of STN anatomical features were analyzed by a radiologist using a 5-point scale, and contrast properties of the STN and surrounding tissue were calculated. Additionally, data from 10 retrospectively and randomly selected PD patients who underwent 3-T MRI for DBS were analyzed for STN size and susceptibility gradient measurements.

RESULTS

Higher contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values were observed in both high-resolution and low-resolution QSM images. Inter-resolution comparison demonstrated improvement in CNR for QSM, but not for T2w images. QSM provided higher inter-quadrant contrast ratios (CR) within the STN, and depicted a gradient in the distribution of susceptibility sources not visible in T2w images.

CONCLUSIONS

For 3-T MRI, submillimeter QSM provides accurate delineation of the functional and anatomical STN features for DBS targeting.

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 131: Issue 2 (Aug 2019)

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Postangiographic thrombosis of a spinal arteriovenous malformation

Case report

Vipul Gupta, Tanvir Rizvi, Ajay Garg, Shailesh B. Gaikwad, and N. K. Mishra

✓ The authors report the case of a 30-year-old man who presented with progressive neurological deficits due to a spinal arteriovenous malformation (AVM). There was sudden increase in his neurological deficits after diagnostic angiography was performed. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging and angiography revealed complete thrombosis of the malformation. Stenosis in the draining vein was the most probable cause of this postangiographic occlusion of the AVM. Contrast injection during angiography may have precipitated the thrombosis.

In开云手机版app下载安装最新版神经外科杂志》:开云体育app官方网站下载入口Spine Volume 2: Issue 4 (Apr 2005)

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Cerebellopontine angle meningeal melanocytoma: a rare tumor in an uncommon location

Case report

Aditya Gupta, M.Ch., Faiz U. Ahmad, Mehar C. Sharma, Ajay Garg, and Veer S. Mehta

✓Meningeal melanocytomas are uncommon intracranial tumors and their occurrence at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) is extremely rare. The authors describe the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented with a left CPA tumor; on the basis of histopathological studies after resection, a diagnosis of meningeal melanocytoma was reached. The relevant literature is reviewed.

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 106: Issue 6 (Jun 2007)

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Metachronous double spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas

Case report and review of the literature

Tanvir Rizvi, Ajay Garg, Nalini K. Mishra, Shailesh B. Gaikwad, and Vipul Gupta

✓ Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), the most common of spinal vascular malformations, are AVFs in the dura mater of the nerve root and/or adjacent spinal dura. These fistulas are most often solitary and are fed by a single radicular artery that primarily supplies the dura mater. Multiple spinal DAVFs are rarely reported in the literature. Those that have been documented have been synchronous in their presentation in that they were found during the same examination or were present at the initial examination but missed and only recognized at the second examination. The authors report the case of a patient with two spinal DAVFs occurring at different spinal levels at different points in time (metachronous).

In开云手机版app下载安装最新版神经外科杂志》:开云体育app官方网站下载入口Spine Volume 4: Issue 6 (Jun 2006)

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Outcome of no resection after long-term subdural electroencephalography evaluation in children with epilepsy

Clinical article

Elia M. Pestana Knight, Tobias Loddenkemper, Deepak Lachhwani, Prakash Kotagal, Elaine Wyllie, William Bingaman, and Ajay Gupta

Object

The aim of this study was to identify the reasons for and predictors of no resection of the epileptogenic zone in children with epilepsy who had undergone long-term invasive subdural grid electroencephalography (SDG-EEG) evaluation.

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The authors retrospectively reviewed the consecutive medical records of children (< 19 years of age) who had undergone SDG-EEG evaluation over a 7-year period (1997–2004). To determine the predictors of no resection, the authors obtained the clinical characteristics and imaging and EEG findings of children who had no resection after long-term invasive SDG-EEG evaluation and compared these data with those in a group of children who did undergo resection. They describe the indications for SDG-EEG evaluation and the reasons for no resection in these patients.

Results

Of 66 children who underwent SDG-EEG evaluation, 9 (13.6%) did not undergo subsequent resection (no-resection group; 6 males). Of these 9 patients, 6 (66.7%) had normal neurological examinations and 5 (55.6%) had normal findings on brain MR imaging. Scalp video EEG localized epilepsy to the left hemisphere in 6 of the 9 patients and to the right hemisphere in 2; it was nonlocalizable in 1 of the 9 patients. Indications for SDG-EEG in the no-resection group were ictal onset zone (IOZ) localization (9 of 9 patients), motor cortex localization (5 of 9 patients), and language area localization (4 of 9 patients). Reasons for no resection after SDG-EEG evaluation were the lack of a well-defined IOZ in 5 of 9 patients (4 multifocal IOZs and 1 nonlocalizable IOZ) and anticipated new permanent postoperative neurological deficits in 7 of 9 patients (3 motor, 2 language, and 2 motor and language deficits). Comparison with the resection group (57 patients) demonstrated that postictal Todd paralysis in the dominant hand was the only variable seen more commonly (χ2= 4.781, p = 0.029) in the no-resection group (2 [22.2%] of 9 vs 2 [3.5%] of 57 patients). The no-resection group had a larger number of SDG electrode contacts (mean 126. 5 ± 26.98) as compared with the resection group (100.56 ± 25.52; p = 0.010). There were no significant differences in the demographic data, seizure characteristics, scalp and invasive EEG findings, and imaging variables between the resection and no-resection groups.

Conclusions

Children who did not undergo resection of the epileptogenic zone after SDG-EEG evaluation were likely to have normal neurological examinations without preexisting neurological deficits, a high probability of a new unacceptable permanent neurological deficit following resection, or multifocal or nonlocalizable IOZs. In comparison with the group that underwent resection after SDG-EEG, a history of Todd paralysis in the dominant hand and arm was the only predictor of no resection following SDG-EEG evaluation. Data in this study will help to better select pediatric patients for SDG-EEG and to counsel families prior to epilepsy surgery.

In开云手机版app下载安装最新版神经外科杂志》:开云体育app官方网站下载入口Pediatrics Volume 8 (2011): Issue 3 (Sep 2011)

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Robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography in children

Robert A. McGovern, Elia Pestana Knight, Ajay Gupta, Ahsan N. V. Moosa, Elaine Wyllie, William E. Bingaman, and Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez

OBJECTIVE

The goal in the study was to describe the clinical outcomes associated with robot-assisted stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in children.

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作者进行了回顾,一美分er study in consecutive children with medically refractory epilepsy who were undergoing robot-assisted SEEG. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate the probability of seizure freedom. Both univariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze the preoperative and operative factors associated with seizure freedom.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven children underwent a total of 64 robot-assisted procedures. The patients’ mean age was 12 years, an average of 6.4 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) per patient had failed prior to implantation, and in 56% of the patients the disease was considered nonlesional. On average, children had 12.4 electrodes placed per implantation, with an implantation time of 9.6 minutes per electrode and a 10-day postoperative stay. SEEG analysis yielded a definable epileptogenic zone in 51 (89%) patients; 42 (74%) patients underwent surgery, half of whom were seizure free at last follow-up, 19.6 months from resection. In a multivariate generalized linear model, resective surgery, older age, and shorter SEEG-related hospital length of stay were associated with seizure freedom. In a Cox proportional hazards model including only the children who underwent resective surgery, older age was the only significant factor associated with seizure freedom. Complications related to bleeding were the major contributors to morbidity. One patient (1.5%) had a symptomatic hemorrhage resulting in a permanent neurological deficit.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors report one of the largest pediatric-specific SEEG series demonstrating that the modern surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy in children can lead to seizure freedom in many patients, while also highlighting the challenges posed by this difficult patient population.

In开云手机版app下载安装最新版神经外科杂志》:开云体育app官方网站下载入口Pediatrics Volume 23: Issue 3 (Mar 2019)

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Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Case report and review of the literature

Ajay Garg, Manish Chugh, Shailesh B. Gaikwad, Sarat P. Chandra, Vipul Gupta, Nalin K. Mishra, and Mehar Chand Sharma

✓ The authors report a case of a 13-year-old boy with juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The patient experienced sudden onset of headache, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. Cranial computerized tomography scanning revealed blood within basal cisterns and the third ventricle. Angiography demonstrated normal cerebral vasculature and upward displacement of the bilateral A1segments of the anterior cerebral artery. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging revealed a chiasmatic/hypothalamic mass with evidence of hemorrhage. The mass was surgically decompressed. Histopathological examination showed evidence of JPA. In all cases of SAH in which there is blood around the third ventricle and a raised A1segment on angiography, MR imaging should be performed. The presence of a normal sella turcica, as well as indistinct margins between the tumor and the opticochiasmatic apparatus should raise suspicion about the lesion.

In开云手机版app下载安装最新版神经外科杂志》:开云体育app官方网站下载入口Pediatrics Volume 100: Issue 5 (May 2004)

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resec后发作的结果的决定因素tive surgery following stereoelectroencephalography

Juan C. Bulacio, James Bena, Piradee Suwanpakdee, Dileep Nair, Ajay Gupta, Andreas Alexopoulos, William Bingaman, and Imad Najm

OBJECTIVE

本研究的目的是研究癫痫outcomes after resective epilepsy surgery following stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG), including group characteristics, comparing surgical and nonsurgical groups and assess predictors of time to seizure recurrence.

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Clinical and EEG data of 536 consecutive patients who underwent SEEG at Cleveland Clinic Epilepsy Center between 2009 and 2017 were reviewed. The primary outcome was defined as complete seizure freedom since the resective surgery, discounting any auras or seizures that occurred within the 1st postoperative week. In addition, the rate of seizure freedom based on Engel classification was determined in patients with follow-up of ≥ 1 year. Presumably significant outcome variables were first identified using univariate analysis, and Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to identify outcome predictors.

RESULTS

Of 527 patients satisfying study criteria, 341 underwent resective surgery. Complete and continuous seizure freedom after surgery was achieved in 55.5% of patients at 1 year postoperatively, 44% of patients at 3 years, and 39% of patients at 5 years. As a secondary outcome point, 58% of patients achieved Engel class I seizure outcome for at least 1 year at last follow-up. Among surgical outcome predictors, in multivariate model analysis, the seizure recurrence rate by type of resection (p = 0.039) remained statistically significant, with the lowest risk of recurrence occurring after frontal and temporal lobe resections compared with multilobar and posterior quadrant surgeries. Patients with a history of previous resection (p = 0.006) and bilateral implantations (p = 0.023) were more likely to have seizure recurrence. The absence of an MRI abnormality prior to resective surgery did not significantly affect seizure outcome in this cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

This large, single-center series shows that resective surgery leads to continuous seizure freedom in a group of patients with complex and severe pharmacoresistant epilepsy after SEEG evaluation. In addition, up to 58% of patients achieved seizure freedom at last follow-up. The authors’ results suggest that SEEG is equally effective in patients with frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy with or without MRI identified lesions.

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 136: Issue 6 (Jun 2022)

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Surgery for catastrophic epilepsy in infants 6 months of age and younger

Clinical article

Shaila Gowda, Fortino Salazar, William E. Bingaman, Prakash Kotagal, Deepak L. Lachhwani, Ajay Gupta, Stephen Davis, Julie Niezgoda, and Elaine Wyllie

Object

Few data are available concerning efficacy and safety of surgery for catastrophic epilepsy in the first 6 months of life.

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The authors retrospectively analyzed epilepsy surgeries in 15 infants ranging in age from 1.5 to 6 months (median 4 months) and weight from 4 to 10 kg (median 7 kg) who underwent anatomical (4 patients) or functional (7 patients) hemispherectomy, or frontal (1 patient), frontoparietal (2 patients), or parietooccipital (1 patient) resection for life-threatening catastrophic epilepsy due to malformation of cortical development.

Results

No patient died. Intraoperative complications included an acute ischemic infarction with hemiparesis in our youngest, smallest infant. The most frequent complication was blood loss requiring transfusion, which was encountered in every case. The estimated blood loss was 3–214% (median 63%) of the total blood volume. At maximum follow-up of 6–121 months (median 60 months), 46% were seizure free.

Conclusions

Epilepsy surgery may be effective in young infants as it is in older children. However, intraoperative blood loss and risk of permanent postoperative neurological deficits present significant challenges.

In开云手机版app下载安装最新版神经外科杂志》:开云体育app官方网站下载入口Pediatrics Volume 5 (2010): Issue 6 (Jun 2010)

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