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OBJECTIVE

Inflammation plays a key role in secondary brain damage following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Glycogen synthase kinase–3β (GSK-3β) plays a strong proinflammatory role in many CNS diseases, including stroke. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of 6-bromoindirubin-3ʹ-oxime (BIO), a specific inhibitor of GSK-3β, on inflammation in ICH rats.

开云体育世界杯赔率

An ICH rat model was induced by autologous whole-blood injection into the striatum. First, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 μg/kg BIO was applied to ICH animals to determine an optimal dosage for producing sufficient GSK-3β inhibition in rat ipsilateral hippocampus by Western blotting. Second, 40 μg/kg BIO was applied to ICH rats for 1, 3, 7, or 14 days, respectively, to determine a suitable intervention time course of BIO by Western blotting analysis on GSK-3β. Third, Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used for quantification of inflammation-related factors upstream or downstream of GSK-3β in rat ipsilateral hippocampus. Then, immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect activated microglia and apoptotic cells in rat ipsilateral hippocampus. Last, neurobehavioral tests were performed to assess the sensorimotor impairments in the ICH rats.

RESULTS

The results show that BIO 1) blocked GSK-3β^Tyr216磷酸化/激活,从而stabilizing β-catenin, increasing upstream brain-derived neurotrophic factor and downstream heat shock protein 70 levels, and decreasing the levels of nuclear factor–κB p65 and cyclooxygenase 2; 2) decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor–α and interleukin (IL)–1β and IL-6 and elevated the level of antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10; 3) inhibited microglia activation and cell apoptosis; and 4) improved the sensorimotor deficits of ICH rats.

CONCLUSIONS

BIO posttreatment inhibited microglia activation, prevented inflammation and hippocampal cell death, and ameliorated functional and morphological outcomes in a rat ICH model through inactivation of GSK-3β.

Object

The aim of this study was to compare transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) in a degenerative disc model in rabbits to determine the better candidate for disc cell therapy.

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Mesenchymal stem cells and NPCs were transplanted in a rabbit model of disc degeneration. Changes in disc height, according to plain radiography, T2-weighted signal intensity on MR imaging, histology, sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG)/DNA, and associated gene expression levels, were evaluated among healthy controls without surgery, sham-operated animals in which only disc degeneration was induced, MSC-transplanted animals, and NPC-transplanted animals for a 16-week period.

Results

Sixteen weeks after cell transplantation, in the MSC- and NPC-transplanted groups, the decline in the disc height index was reduced and T2-weighted signal intensity increased compared with the sham-operated group. Safranin O staining showed a high GAG content, which was also supported by sGAG/DNA assessment. Disc regeneration was also confirmed at the gene expression level using real-time polymerase chain reaction. However, no significant differences in expression were found between the NPC- and MSC-transplanted groups.

Conclusions

Study data showed that MSC transplantation is effective for the treatment of disc degeneration and seems to be an ideal substitute for NPCs.

OBJECTIVE

Hematological consequences of novel antiseizure medications (ASMs) or combined therapies are rarely reported, especially in pediatric patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of coagulation dysfunction in this population and evaluate their relationship with intra- and postoperative bleeding.

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Three hundred ninety children who underwent surgery for epilepsy and 104 children without epilepsy who underwent nonepilepsy surgery at the authors’ center were included in the study. The authors retrospectively collected and analyzed the following clinical data: sex, age, weight, course of epilepsy, antiseizure therapy, first laboratory data after admission, and transfusion-related data.

RESULTS

ASMs were responsible for the higher incidence of coagulation dysfunction in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. Low body weight (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.98) and valproic acid (VPA) therapy (OR 5.13, 95% CI 3.25–8.22) were the most relevant factors leading to coagulation dysfunction. The most common hematological side effects of VPA were thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia, whereas low body weight was only associated with hypofibrinogenemia. Both VPA and low body weight increased the need for intra- or postoperative transfusion (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric epilepsy surgery patients often take multiple ASMs, resulting in an increased incidence of coagulopathy. VPA levels and low body weight were found to be the main influential factors associated with an increased risk of coagulation dysfunction. Platelet and fibrinogen levels were the main indices that were affected. Both VPA and low body weight were relevant to additional surgery-related transfusion, necessitating the need for increased awareness of preoperative coagulopathy before pediatric epilepsy surgery.

Clinical trial registration no.: NCT05675254 (ClinicalTrials.gov)