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Epilepsy surgery for Rasmussen encephalitis: the UCLA experience

Nikhil Bellamkonda, H. Westley Phillips, Jia-Shu Chen, Alexander M. Tucker, Cassia Maniquis, Gary W. Mathern, and Aria Fallah

OBJECTIVE

Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare inflammatory neurological disorder typically involving one hemisphere and resulting in drug-resistant epilepsy and progressive neurological decline. Here, the authors present seizure outcomes in children who underwent epilepsy surgery for RE at a single institution.

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The records of consecutive patients who had undergone epilepsy surgery for RE at the UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital between 1982 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Basic demographic information, seizure history, procedural notes, and postoperative seizure and functional outcome data were analyzed.

RESULTS

The cohort included 44 patients, 41 of whom had sufficient data for analysis. Seizure freedom was achieved in 68%, 48%, and 22% of the patients at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The median time to the first seizure for those who experienced seizure recurrence after surgery was 39 weeks (IQR 11–355 weeks). Anatomical hemispherectomy, as compared to functional hemispherectomy, was independently associated with a longer time to postoperative seizure recurrence (HR 0.078, p = 0.03). There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative seizure recurrence between patients with complete hemispherectomy and those who had less-than-hemispheric surgery. Following surgery, 68% of the patients could ambulate and 84% could speak regardless of operative intervention.

有限公司NCLUSIONS

A large proportion of RE patients will have seizure relapse after surgery, though patients with anatomical hemispherectomies may have a longer time to postoperative seizure recurrence. Overall, the long-term data in this study suggest that hemispheric surgery can be seen as palliative treatment for seizures rather than a cure for RE.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Volume 26: Issue 4 (Oct 2020)

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Stereoelectroencephalography before 2 years of age

酒椰k·拉赫曼,塞缪尔·b·汤姆林on, Joshua Katz, Kathleen Galligan, Peter J. Madsen, Alexander M. Tucker, Sudha Kilaru Kessler, and Benjamin C. Kennedy

OBJECTIVE

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is a widely used technique for localizing seizure onset zones prior to resection. However, its use has traditionally been avoided in children under 2 years of age because of concerns regarding pin fixation in the immature skull, intraoperative and postoperative electrode bolt security, and stereotactic registration accuracy. In this retrospective study, the authors describe their experience using SEEG in patients younger than 2 years of age, with a focus on the procedure’s safety, feasibility, and accuracy as well as surgical outcomes.

开云体育世界杯赔率

A retrospective review of children under 2 years of age who had undergone SEEG while at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia between November 2017 and July 2021 was performed. Data on clinical characteristics, surgical procedure, imaging results, electrode accuracy measurements, and postoperative outcomes were examined.

RESULTS

Five patients younger than 2 years of age underwent SEEG during the study period (median age 20 months, range 17–23 months). The mean age at seizure onset was 9 months. Developmental delay was present in all patients, and epilepsy-associated genetic diagnoses included tuberous sclerosis (n = 1),KAT6B(n = 1), andNPRL3(n = 1). Cortical lesions included tubers from tuberous sclerosis (n = 1), mesial temporal sclerosis (n = 1), and cortical dysplasia (n = 3). The mean number of placed electrodes was 11 (range 6–20 electrodes). Bilateral electrodes were placed in 1 patient. Seizure onset zones were identified in all cases. There were no SEEG-related complications, including skull fracture, electrode misplacement, hemorrhage, infection, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, electrode pullout, neurological deficit, or death. The mean target point error for all electrodes was 1.0 mm. All patients proceeded to resective surgery, with a mean follow-up of 21 months (range 8–53 months). All patients attained a favorable epilepsy outcome, including Engel class IA (n = 2), IC (n = 1), ID (n = 1), and IIA (n = 1).

有限公司NCLUSIONS

SEEG can be safely, accurately, and effectively utilized in children under age 2 with good postoperative outcomes using standard SEEG equipment. With minimal modification, this procedure is feasible in those with immature skulls and guides the epilepsy team’s decision-making for early and optimal treatment of refractory epilepsy through effective localization of seizure onset zones.

InNeurosurgical Focus Volume 53 (2022): Issue 4 (Oct 2022): Pediatric Functional Disease

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A neonatal piglet model of intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation

Kristian Aquilina, Catherine Hobbs, Shobha Cherian, Alexander Tucker, Helen Porter, Andrew Whitelaw, and Marianne Thoresen

Object

The combination of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation (PHVD) remains an important cause of disability in children surviving prematurity. Currently, there is no clear agreement on the management of neonatal IVH, apart from the eventual insertion of a shunt to control PHVD. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts are associated with a relatively high complication rate in this population. The development of new treatment options requires greater understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of IVH and PHVD, as well as an opportunity to monitor closely their effects on the immature brain. The authors have developed a neonatal large animal model of IVH with long-term survival, allowing the full development of PHVD.

开云体育世界杯赔率

十四3 - 24小时ol的小猪d were randomized to receive slow injections of autologous blood, autologous blood with elevated hematocrit, or artificial CSF after induction of general anesthesia. A fourth group served as controls. All animals underwent surgery to form an artificial fontanelle at the bregma. Physiological parameters, including intracranial pressure and electroencephalography, were monitored during injection.

Results

Serial cranial ultrasonography studies performed during the 23- to 44-day survival period demonstrated progressive ventricular dilation in the animals injected with blood. Ventricular volumes, measured with image analysis software, confirmed the highest dilation after injection of blood with an elevated hematocrit. Histological evaluation showed fibrosis in the basal subarachnoid space of hydrocephalic piglets.

Conclusions

This piglet model closely replicates human neonatal IVH and PHVD. It allows detailed physiological and ultrasonographic monitoring over a prolonged survival period. It is suitable for evaluation of noninvasive as well as surgical options in the management of IVH and PHVD.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Volume 107: Issue 2 (Aug 2007)

Open access

Spring-mediated cranioplasty for sagittal craniosynostosis

Christopher L. Kalmar, Jordan W. Swanson, Sameer Shakir, Alexander M. Tucker, Benjamin C. Kennedy, Phillip B. Storm, Gregory G. Heuer, Scott P. Bartlett, Jesse A. Taylor, and Shih-Shan Lang

Spring-mediated cranioplasty is a useful treatment modality for correcting scaphocephalic head shape in sagittal craniosynostosis because it is less invasive than whole-vault cranioplasty and offers durable morphologic outcomes. Herein, the authors provide a multimedia demonstration of alternative operative approaches for spring-mediated cranioplasty for sagittal craniosynostosis.

The video can be found here:https://vimeo.com/511256259

InNeurosurgical Focus: Video Volume 4: Issue null (Apr 2021): Craniosynostosis

Open access

Removal of cranial springs after spring-mediated cranioplasty

Christopher L. Kalmar, Jordan W. Swanson, Sameer Shakir, Alexander M. Tucker, Benjamin C. Kennedy, Phillip B. Storm, Gregory G. Heuer, Scott P. Bartlett, Jesse A. Taylor, and Shih-Shan Lang

Cranial spring hardware is generally removed 3 months after placement for spring-mediated cranioplasty. Spring removal is performed as an outpatient procedure under general anesthesia in approximately 15 minutes through the incision locations of the index procedure. Herein, the authors provide a multimedia demonstration of cranial spring hardware removal after spring-mediated cranioplasty for sagittal craniosynostosis.

The video can be found here:https://vimeo.com/511179695

InNeurosurgical Focus: Video Volume 4: Issue null (Apr 2021): Craniosynostosis

Free access

Elevated intracranial pressure with craniosynostosis: a multivariate model of age, syndromic status, and number of involved cranial sutures

Christopher L. Kalmar, Zachary D. Zapatero, Mychajlo S. Kosyk, Anna R. Carlson, Scott P. Bartlett, Gregory G. Heuer, Alexander M. Tucker, Jesse A. Taylor, Shih-Shan Lang, and Jordan W. Swanson

OBJECTIVE

Children with multiple prematurely fused cranial sutures and those undergoing surgical correction later in life appear to experience worse neurocognitive outcomes, but it is unclear whether higher intracranial pressure (ICP) is implicated in this process. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of age at intervention and number of involved cranial sutures on ICP, as well as to assess which cranial suture closure may be more associated with elevated ICP.

开云体育世界杯赔率

The prospective craniofacial database at the authors’ institution was queried for patients undergoing initial corrective surgery for craniosynostosis in whom intraoperative measurement of ICP was obtained prior to craniectomy. Age, involved sutures, and syndromic status were analyzed in the context of measured ICP by using multiple linear regression.

RESULTS

Fifty patients met the inclusion criteria. Age at procedure (p = 0.028, β = +0.060 mm Hg/month) and multiple-suture involvement (p = 0.010, β = +4.175 mm Hg if multisuture) were both significantly implicated in elevated ICP. The actual number of major sutures involved was significantly correlated to ICP (p = 0.001; β = +1.687 mm Hg/suture). Among patients with single-suture involvement, there was an overall significant difference of median ICP across the suture types (p = 0.008), with metopic having the lowest (12.5 mm Hg) and sagittal having the highest (16.0 mm Hg). Patients with multiple-suture involvement had significantly higher ICP (p = 0.003; 18.5 mm Hg). Patients with craniofacial syndromes were 79.3 times more likely to have multiple-suture involvement (p < 0.001). Corrective surgery for craniosynostosis demonstrated significant intraoperative reduction of elevated ICP (all p < 0.050).

有限公司NCLUSIONS

Syndromic status, older age at intervention for craniosynostosis, and multiple premature fusion of cranial sutures were associated with significantly higher ICP.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Volume 28: Issue 6 (Dec 2021)

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Mechanical failure of the Mobi-C implant for artificial cervical disc replacement: report of 4 cases

Jasmine A. T. DiCesare, Alexander M. Tucker, Irene Say, Kunal Patel, Todd H. Lanman, Frank J. Coufal, Justin Millard, Jeffrey E. Deckey, Siddharth Shetgeri, and Duncan Q. McBride

颈椎病是一种最常见的treated conditions in neurosurgery. Increasingly, cervical disc replacement (CDR) has become an alternative to traditional arthrodesis, particularly when treating younger patients. Thus, surgeons continue to gain a greater understanding of short- and long-term complications of arthroplasty. Here, the authors present a series of 4 patients initially treated with Mobi-C artificial disc implants who developed postoperative neck pain. Dynamic imaging revealed segmental kyphosis at the level of the implant. All implants were locked in the flexion position, and all patients required reoperation. This is the first reported case series of symptomatic segmental kyphosis after CDR.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Spine Volume 33: Issue 6 (Dec 2020)

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Acute neurological injury in pediatric patients with single-ventricle congenital heart disease

Shih-Shan Lang, Amber Valeri, Phillip B. Storm, Gregory G. Heuer, Alexander M. Tucker, Benjamin C. Kennedy, Benjamin W. Kozyak, Anjuli Sinha, Todd J. Kilbaugh, and Jimmy W. Huh

OBJECTIVE

Single-ventricle congenital heart disease (CHD) in pediatric patients with Glenn and Fontan physiology represents a unique physiology requiring the surgical diversion of the systemic venous return from the superior vena cava (Glenn) and then the inferior vena cava (Fontan) directly to the pulmonary arteries. Because many of these patients are on chronic anticoagulation therapy and may have right-to-left shunts, arrhythmias, or lymphatic disorders that predispose them to bleeding and/or clotting, they are at risk of experiencing neurological injury requiring intubation and positive pressure ventilation, which can significantly hamper pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output. The aim of this study was to describe the complex neurological and cardiopulmonary interactions of these pediatric patients after acute central nervous system (CNS) injury.

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作者回顾性分析了记录啊f pediatric patients who had been admitted to a quaternary children’s hospital with CHD palliated to bidirectional Glenn (BDG) or Fontan circulation and acute CNS injury and who had undergone intubation and mechanical ventilation. Patients who had been admitted from 2005 to 2019 were included in the study. Clinical characteristics, surgical outcomes, cardiovascular and pulmonary data, and intracranial pressure data were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS

Nine pediatric single-ventricle patients met the study inclusion criteria. All had undergone the BDG procedure, and the majority (78%) were status post Fontan palliation. The mean age was 7.4 years (range 1.3–17.3 years). At the time of acute CNS injury, which included traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, and cerebral infarct, the median time interval from the most recent cardiac surgical procedure was 3 years (range 2 weeks–11 years). Maintaining normocarbia to mild hypercarbia for most patients during intubation periods did not cause neurological deterioration, and hemodynamic profiles were more favorable as compared to periods of hypocarbia. Hypocarbia was associated with unfavorable hemodynamics but was necessary to decrease intracranial hypertension. Most patients were managed using low mean airway pressure (MAWP) in order to minimize the impact on preload and cardiac output.

有限公司NCLUSIONS

The authors highlight the complex neurological and cardiopulmonary interactions with respect to partial pressure of arterial CO2(PaCO2) and MAWP when pediatric CHD patients with single-ventricle physiology require mechanical ventilation. The study data demonstrated that tight control of PaCO2and minimizing MAWP with the goal of early extubation may be beneficial in this population. A multidisciplinary team of pediatric critical care intensivists, cardiac intensivists and anesthesiologists, and pediatric neurosurgeons and neurologists are recommended to ensure the best possible outcomes.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Volume 28: Issue 3 (Sep 2021)

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Middle meningeal artery embolization in the management of chronic subdural hematoma in medically complex pediatric neurosurgical patients: technical note

Anne M. Coyle, Erin K. M. Graves, Shih-Shan Lang, Benjamin C. Kennedy, Tracy M. Flanders, Alexander M. Tucker, Phillip B. Storm, Anne Marie Cahill, Bryan A. Pukenas, and Peter J. Madsen

Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization has gained acceptance as a treatment for chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) in adult patients but has not been well described in pediatric patients. Standard cSDH treatment has historically consisted of burr hole drainage with or without subdural drain placement. However, due to the high rate of recurrence and frequency of comorbidities within this population, as both pediatric and adult patients with cSDH frequently have concurrent cardiac disease and a need for anticoagulant therapies, MMA embolization has increasingly demonstrated its value as both an adjunctive and primary treatment. In this report, the authors present 3 cases of successful MMA embolization in medically complex children at a single institution. MMA embolization was used as a primary treatment modality and as an adjunctive therapy in the acute setting following surgical hematoma evacuation. Two patients were receiving anticoagulation treatment requiring reversal. Technical considerations specific to the pediatric population as well as those common to both the pediatric and adult populations are addressed. Further work is needed to define the optimal indications and outcomes for MMA embolization in children with cSDH.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Publish Before Print

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侵入性脑组织氧和颅内总统sure (ICP) monitoring versus ICP-only monitoring in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury

Shih-Shan Lang, Nankee K. Kumar, Chao Zhao, David Y. Zhang, Alexander M. Tucker, Phillip B. Storm, Gregory G. Heuer, Avi A. Gajjar, Chong Tae Kim, Ian Yuan, Susan Sotardi, Todd J. Kilbaugh, and Jimmy W. Huh

OBJECTIVE

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death in the pediatric population. While intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is the gold standard in acute neurocritical care following pediatric severe TBI, brain tissue oxygen tension (PbtO2) monitoring may also help limit secondary brain injury and improve outcomes. The authors hypothesized that pediatric patients with severe TBI and ICP + PbtO2monitoring and treatment would have better outcomes than those who underwent ICP-only monitoring and treatment.

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Patients ≤ 18 years of age with severe TBI who received ICP ± PbtO2monitoring at a quaternary children’s hospital between 1998 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. The relationships between conventional measurements of TBI were evaluated, i.e., ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and PbtO2. Differences were analyzed between patients with ICP + PbtO2versus ICP-only monitoring on hospital and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) length of stay (LOS), length of intubation, Pediatric Intensity Level of Therapy scale score, and functional outcome using the Glasgow Outcome Score–Extended (GOS-E) scale at 6 months postinjury.

RESULTS

Forty-nine patients, including 19 with ICP + PbtO2and 30 with ICP only, were analyzed. There was a weak negative association between ICP and PbtO2(β = −0.04). Conversely, there was a strong positive correlation between CPP ≥ 40 mm Hg and PbtO2≥ 15 and ≥ 20 mm Hg (β = 0.30 and β = 0.29, p < 0.001, respectively). An increased number of events of cerebral PbtO2< 15 mm Hg or < 20 mm Hg were associated with longer hospital (p = 0.01 and p = 0.022, respectively) and PICU (p = 0.015 and p = 0.007, respectively) LOS, increased duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.015 when PbtO2< 15 mm Hg), and an unfavorable 6-month GOS-E score (p = 0.045 and p = 0.022, respectively). An increased number of intracranial hypertension episodes (ICP ≥ 20 mm Hg) were associated with longer hospital (p = 0.007) and PICU (p < 0.001) LOS and longer duration of mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001). Lower minimum hourly and average daily ICP values predicted favorable GOS-E scores (p < 0.001 for both). Patients with ICP + PbtO2monitoring experienced longer PICU LOS (p = 0.018) compared to patients with ICP-only monitoring, with no significant GOS-E score difference between groups (p = 0.733).

有限公司NCLUSIONS

An increased number of cerebral hypoxic episodes and an increased number of intracranial hypertension episodes resulted in longer hospital LOS and longer duration of mechanical ventilator support. An increased number of cerebral hypoxic episodes also correlated with less favorable functional outcomes. In contrast, lower minimum hourly and average daily ICP values, but not the number of intracranial hypertension episodes, were associated with more favorable functional outcomes. There was a weak correlation between ICP and PbtO2, supporting the importance of multimodal invasive neuromonitoring in pediatric severe TBI.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Volume 30: Issue 2 (Aug 2022)

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