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Letter to the Editor. Prognostic molecular panel for skull base chordoma

Hai-Chao He and Zhihui Dai

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 130: Issue 5 (May 2019)

Open access

Subtemporal transtentorial approach for resection of a pontomesencephalic cavernous malformation

Georgios A. Zenonos, Samir Sur, Maximiliano Nuñez, David T. Fernandes-Cabral, and Jacques J. Morcos

In this 3D video we review the case of a pontomesencephalic cavernous malformation in a 27-year-old woman who presented with hemiparesis and diplopia. The cavernous malformation was completely resected through a subtemporal transtentorial approach and an epitrigeminal brainstem entry zone, with a significant improvement in the patient’s hemiparesis. The relevant anatomy is reviewed in detail through multiple anatomical brainstem dissection specimens, as well as high-definition fiber tractography images. The rationale for the approach is analyzed relative to other possible options, and a number of technical pearls are provided.

The video can be found here:https://youtu.be/8EoIWL7XqAc.

InNeurosurgical Focus: Video Volume 1: Issue 2 (Oct 2019): Surgery of the Brainstem

Open access

Far lateral approach for resection of lower pontine cavernous malformation

Georgios A. Zenonos, Samir Sur, Maximiliano Nuñez, David T. Fernandes-Cabral, and Jacques J. Morcos

In this 3D video we review the case of a lower pontine cavernous malformation in a 31-year-old man who presented with hemiparesis and an abducens palsy. The cavernous malformation was completely resected through a far lateral approach and a peritrigeminal brainstem entry zone, with a significant improvement in the patient’s hemiparesis. The relevant anatomy is reviewed in detail through multiple anatomical brainstem dissection specimens, as well as high-definition fiber tractography images. The rationale for the approach is analyzed relative to other possible options, and a number of technical pearls are provided.

The video can be found here:https://youtu.be/fH2Q7RjlBKQ.

InNeurosurgical Focus: Video Volume 1: Issue 1 (Jul 2019): Resection of Cavernous Malformation

Open access

Management of arterial injuries in endoscopic endonasal approaches

Michael M. McDowell, Georgios Zenonos, Eric Wang, Carl H. Snyderman, and Paul A. Gardner

This is the case of a 76-year-old woman presenting with progressive right vision loss consisting of a right eye temporal field cut and severe visual acuity loss. An MRI was performed showing a suprasellar mass for which she had been referred to our center for an endoscopic endonasal approach. The tumor was found to be densely adherent to adjacent structures, and an ophthalmic artery and A1–A2 junction injury were sustained during resection. The management of intraoperative vascular injuries is described.

The video can be found here:https://youtu.be/JJY6nYKTCSg.

InNeurosurgical Focus: Video Volume 2: Issue 2 (Apr 2020): Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

Restricted access

Gamma Knife surgery in the treatment paradigm for foramen magnum meningiomas

Clinical article

Georgios Zenonos, Douglas Kondziolka, John C. Flickinger, Paul Gardner, and L. Dade Lunsford

Object

Microsurgical management of foramen magnum meningiomas (FMMs) can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Stereotactic radiosurgery may be an efficient and safe alternative treatment modality for such tumors. The object of this study was to increase the documented experience with Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for FMMs and to delineate its role in an overall management paradigm.

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The authors report on their experience with 24 patients harboring FMMs managed with GKS. Twelve patients had primary symptomatic tumors, 5 had asymptomatic but enlarging primary tumors, and 7 had recurrent or residual tumors after a prior surgery.

Results

Follow-up clinical and imaging data were available in 21 patients at a median follow-up of 47 months (range 3–128 months). Ten patients had measurable tumor regression, which was defined as an overall volume reduction > 25%. Eleven patients had no further tumor growth. Two patients died as a result of advanced comorbidities before follow-up imaging. One patient was living 8 years after GKS but had no clinical evaluation. Ten of 17 symptomatic patients with at least 6 months of follow-up had symptom improvement, and 7 remained clinically stable. Smaller tumors were more likely to regress. No patient suffered an adverse radiation effect after radiosurgery.

Conclusions

Gamma Knife surgery was a safe management strategy for small, minimally symptomatic, or growing FMMs as well as for residual tumors following conservative microsurgical removal.

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 117 (2012): Issue 5 (Nov 2012)

Restricted access

Surgical treatment for primary spinal aneurysmal bone cysts: experience from Children's Hospital Boston

Clinical article

Georgios Zenonos, Osama Jamil, Lance S. Governale, Sarah Jernigan, Daniel Hedequist, and Mark R. Proctor

Object

Spinal aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs) constitute a rare and clinically challenging disease, primarily affecting the pediatric population. Information regarding the management of spinal ABCs remains sparse. In this study the authors review their experience with spinal ABCs at Children's Hospital Boston.

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The medical records of all patients treated surgically for primary spinal ABCs between January 1998 and July 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

男性14个病例(6和8个联邦应急管理局les, ages 5–19 years old). The ABCs were located throughout the spine, with an equal number in the thoracic and lumbar spine, and rarely in the cervical spine. The majority of patients presented with back pain, but neurological deficits and spinal deformity were common. A variety of radiographic techniques were used to establish the diagnosis, including needle biopsy. Preoperative selective arterial embolization was performed in 7 cases (50%), and the majority of cases required spinal instrumentation along with resection. Mean follow-up was 55.9 months (range 15–154 months) after initial intervention. Two ABCs recurred (14%), at 9 months and 8 years after incomplete initial resection, and the patients underwent reoperation. Complete resection was ultimately achieved in all cases. All patients were asymptomatic and neurologically intact at their last follow-up evaluation, and showed no evidence of deformity or recurrence on imaging.

Conclusions

计算机断层扫描和成像先生是足够的佛r an initial evaluation of spinal ABCs, although solid variants can present a diagnostic challenge. Given the high rates of recurrence with residual disease, complete obliteration of the lesion should be the goal of treatment. Preoperative embolization is often performed, although in the authors' opinion the degree of bleeding tends not to support its routine use. Long-term follow-up is warranted as recurrences can occur years after initial intervention. However, gross-total excision in conjunction with spinal stabilization, as needed, usually provides cure of the ABC and excellent long-term spinal alignment.

InJournal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics Volume 9 (2012): Issue 3 (Mar 2012)

Full access

The epitrigeminal approach to the brainstem

Georgios Andrea Zenonos, David Fernandes-Cabral, Maximiliano Nunez, Stefan Lieber, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Miranda, and Robert Max Friedlander

OBJECTIVE

Surgical approaches to the ventrolateral pons pose a significant challenge. In this report, the authors describe a safe entry zone to the brainstem located just above the trigeminal entry zone which they refer to as the “epitrigeminal entry zone.”

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The approach is presented in the context of an illustrative case of a cavernous malformation and is compared with the other commonly described approaches to the ventrolateral pons. The anatomical nuances were analyzed in detail with the aid of surgical images and video, anatomical dissections, and high-definition fiber tractography (HDFT). In addition, using the HDFT maps obtained in 77 normal subjects (154 sides), the authors performed a detailed anatomical study of the surgically relevant distances between the trigeminal entry zone and the corticospinal tracts.

RESULTS

The patient treated with this approach had a complete resection of his cavernous malformation, and improvement of his symptoms. With regard to the HDFT anatomical study, the average direct distance of the corticospinal tracts from the trigeminal entry zone was 12.6 mm (range 8.7–17 mm). The average vertical distance was 3.6 mm (range −2.3 to 8.7 mm). The mean distances did not differ significantly from side to side, or across any of the groups studied (right-handed, left-handed, and ambidextrous).

CONCLUSIONS

The epitrigeminal entry zone to the brainstem appears to be safe and effective for treating intrinsic ventrolateral pontine pathological entities. A possible advantage of this approach is increased versatility in the rostrocaudal axis, providing access both above and below the trigeminal nerve. Familiarity with the subtemporal transtentorial approach, and the reliable surgical landmark of the trigeminal entry zone, should make this a straightforward approach.

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 128: Issue 5 (May 2018)

Full access

Iatrogenic seeding of skull base chordoma following endoscopic endonasal surgery

David T. Fernandes Cabral, Georgios A. Zenonos, Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, Eric W. Wang, and Paul A. Gardner

OBJECTIVE

Iatrogenic tumor seeding after open surgery for chordoma has been well described in the literature. The incidence and particularities related to endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) have not been defined.

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The authors retrospectively reviewed their experience with EES for clival chordoma, focusing on cases with iatrogenic seeding. The clinical, radiographic, pathological, and molecular characterization data were reviewed.

RESULTS

173套的执行对脊索瘤之clival the authors’ institution between April 2003 and May 2016, 2 cases complicated by iatrogenic seeding (incidence 1.15%) were identified. The first case was a 10-year-old boy, who presented 21 months after an EES for a multiply recurrent clival chordoma with a recurrence along the left inferior turbinate, distinct from a right petrous apex recurrence. Both appeared as a T2-hypertintense, T1-isointense, and heterogeneously enhancing lesion on MRI. Resection of the inferior turbinate recurrence and debulking of the petrous recurrence were both performed via a purely endoscopic endonasal approach. Unfortunately, the child died 2 years later due progression of disease at the primary site, but with no sign of progression at the seeded site. The second patient was a 79-year-old man with an MRI-incompatible pacemaker who presented 19 months after EES for his clival chordoma with a mass involving the floor of the left nasal cavity that was causing an oro-antral fistula. On CT imaging, this appeared as a homogeneously contrast-enhancing mass eroding the hard palate inferiorly, the nasal septum superiorly, and the nasal process of the maxilla, with extension into the subcutaneous tissue. This was also treated endoscopically (combined transnasal-transoral approach) with resection of the mass, and repair of the fistula by using a palatal and left lateral wall rotational flap. Adjuvant hypofractionated stereotactic CyberKnife radiotherapy was administered using 35 Gy in 5 fractions. No recurrence was appreciated endoscopically or on imaging at the patient’s last follow-up, 12 months after this last procedure. In both cases, pathological investigation of the original tumors revealed a fairly aggressive biology with 1p36 deletions, and high Ki-67 levels (10%–15%, and > 20%, respectively). The procedures were performed by a team of right-handed surgeons (otolaryngology and neurosurgery), using a 4-handed technique (in which the endoscope and suction are typically passed through the right nostril, and other instruments are passed through the left nostril without visualization).

CONCLUSIONS

Although uncommon, iatrogenic seeding occurs during EES for clival chordomas, probably because of decreased visualization during tumor removal combined with mucosal trauma and exposure of subepithelial elements (either inadvertently or because of mucosal flaps). In addition, tumors with more aggressive biology (1p36 deletions, elevated Ki-67, or both) are probably at a higher risk and require increased vigilance on surveillance imaging and endoscopy. Further prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the authors’ proposed strategies for decreasing the incidence of iatrogenic seeding after EES for chordomas.

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 129: Issue 4 (Oct 2018)

Open access

Introduction: Resection of Cavernous Malformations

Jacques J. Morcos, Gary K. Steinberg, Wouter I. Schievink, and Georgios A. Zenonos

InNeurosurgical Focus: Video Volume 1: Issue 1 (Jul 2019): Resection of Cavernous Malformation

Free access

The rhinopharyngeal flap for reconstruction of lower clival and craniovertebral junction defects

Pierre-Olivier Champagne, Georgios A. Zenonos, Eric W. Wang, Carl H. Snyderman, and Paul A. Gardner

OBJECTIVE

The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) to the lower clivus and craniovertebral junction (CVJ) has been traditionally performed via resection of the nasopharyngeal soft tissues. Alternatively, an inferiorly based rhinopharyngeal (RP) flap (RPF) can be dissected to help reconstruct the postoperative defect and separate it from the oropharynx. To date, there is no evidence regarding the viability and potential clinical impact of the RPF. The aim of this study was to assess RPF viability and its impact on clinical outcome.

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A retrospective cohort of 60 patients who underwent EEA to the lower clivus and CVJ was studied. The RPF was used in 30 patients (RPF group), and the nasopharyngeal soft tissues were resected in 30 patients (control group).

RESULTS

脊索瘤是最common surgical indication in both groups (47% in the RPF group vs 63% in the control group, p = 0.313), followed by odontoid pannus (20% in the RPF group vs 10%, p = 0.313). The two groups did not significantly differ in terms of extent of tumor (p = 0.271), intraoperative CSF leak (p = 0.438), and skull base reconstruction techniques other than the RPF (nasoseptal flap, p = 0.301; fascia lata, p = 0.791; inlay graft, p = 0.793; and prophylactic lumbar drain, p = 0.781). Postoperative soft-tissue enhancement covering the lower clivus and CVJ observed on MRI was significantly higher in the RPF group (100% vs 26%, p < 0.001). The RPF group had a significantly lower rate of nasoseptal flap necrosis (3% vs 20%, p = 0.044) and surgical site infection (3% vs 27%, p = 0.026) while having similar rates of postoperative CSF leakage (17% in the RPF group vs 20%, p = 0.739) and meningitis (7% in the RPF group vs 17%, p = 0.424). Oropharyngeal bacterial flora dominated the infections in the control group but not those in the RPF group, suggesting that the RPF acted as a barrier between the nasopharynx and oropharynx.

CONCLUSIONS

The RPF provides viable vascularized tissue coverage to the lower clivus and CVJ. Its use was associated with decreased rates of nasoseptal flap necrosis and local infection, likely due to separation from the oropharynx.

InJournal of Neurosurgery Volume 135: Issue 5 (Nov 2021)

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